Conditional Sentence

1. I will visit your hometown...

a. if I come to Indonesia

b. if I came to Indonesia

c. if I will come to Indonesia

d. if I would come to Indonesia

2. if I had free time …

a. I will watch the movie together with my friend

b. I would watch the movie together with my friend

c. I would have watched the movie together with my friends

d. I would have been watching the movie together with my friends.

3. What is the fact of the previous sentence? (question 2)

a. I didn't have free time. Therefore, I didn't watch the movie together with my friend.

b. I don't have free time. Therefore, I don't watch the movie together with my friend.

c. I was not having free time. Therefor, I was not watching the moie together with my friend.

d. I am not having free time. Therefore, I am not watching the moving together with my friend.

4. If I were you. …

a. I will buy that limited edition camera

b. I would buy that limited edition camera.

c. I would have bought that limited edition camera.

d. I would have been buying that limited edition camera.

5. What is the fact of the previous question? (question 4)

a. I am not you

b. I was not you

c. I were not you

d. I have not been you

6. My father would buy me a new motorcycle …

a. If I passed the state university entrance test.

b. if I pass the state university entrance test

c. if I have passed the state university entrance test

d. if I am passing the state university entrance test

7. What is the facst of the previous sentence? (Question 6)

a. I don't pass the state university entrance test.

b. I didn't pass the state university entrance test

c. I wasn't passing the state university entrance test

d. I am not passing the state university entrance test

8. If I had gone with my parents five hours ago to our villa, …

a. I would ot be alone right now

b. I will not be alone right now.

c. o am not alone right now.

d. I was not alone right now

9. What is the fact of question no 8?

a. I don't go with my parents five hours ago, so I am alone right now

b. I didn't go with my parents five hours ago, so I am alone right not.

c. I wasn't going with my parents five hours ago, so I am alone right now.

d. I am not going with my parents, fiv hours ago, so I am alone right now.

10. If Maria had obeyed her mother's advice to accepr the scholarship, …

a. She would have graduated from famous university

b. She will graduate from famous university

c. She graduates from famous university

d. She graduated from famous university

11. If I had accepted that work offer, …

a. I will have built my own house.

b. I would have biult my own house

c. I will build my own house.

d. I would biuld my own house.

12. If I worl at Ministry of Foreign Afairs, …

a. I will get a chance for continuing my study in foreign country.

b. I would get a chance for continuing my study in foreign country.

c. I would have got a chance for continiung my study in foreign country.

d. I get a chance for continuing my study in foreign country.

13. My father would permit me to ride the motorcycle, …

a. if I have a driving license

b. if I had a driving license

c.if I having a driving license.

d. if I would have a driving license.

14. If I were you, …

a. I will stay at the boarding house.

b. I would stay at the boarding house.

c. I stay at the boarding house.

d. I would have stayed at the boarding house

15. If I had come to her wedding party, I would not have regretted. What is the fact of the previous conditional sentence?

a. I didn't come to her wedding party. Therefore, I regretted.

b. I didn;t come to her wedding party. Therefore, I regret.

c. I have not come to her wedding party. Therefore, I regretted.

d. I had not come to her wedding party. Therefore, I regret.

16. Mr. bayu would give me an interesting bonus if I won the tender. What is the fact of the previous conditional sentence?

a. I won the tender.

b. I don't win the tender.

c. I didn't win the tender.

d. I win the tender.

17. If I had practiced harder several months ago, …

a. I will be the winner of this dance sompetition.

b. I would be the winner of this dance competition.

c. I would have been the winner of this dance competition.

d. I the winner of the dance competition.

18. What is the fact of the previous setence? (question 17)

a. I don't practice harder several months ago, so I am not the winner os this competition.

b. I didn't practice harder several months ago, so I am not the winner of this competition.

c. I was not practicing harder several months ago, so I am not the winner of this competition.

d. I am not practicing harder several monts ago, so I am not the winner of this competition.

19. If I were staying at my grandmother's home, …

a. I will be eating her delicious home cooking.

b. I would be eating her delicious home cooking.

c. I will eat her delicious home cooking

d. I would eat her delicious home cooking.

20. What is the fact of the previous sentence? (question 19)

a. I wasn't staying at my grandmother's home. I wasn't eating her delicious home cooking.

b. I don't stay at my grandmothe's home. I don't eat her delicious home cooking.

c. I am not staying at my grandmother's home. I am not eating her delicious home cooking.

d. I didn't stay at my grandmother's home. I didn't eat her delicious home cooking.

21. Rina would have visited me if, ...

a. She had a lot of free time

b. She has a lot of time.

c. She has a lot of free time.

d. She had a lot of time.

22. If I read the newspaper, …

a. I would get a lot of information.

b. I will get a lot of informatiom

c. I am getting a lot of information.

d. I get a lot of information.

23. If I were you, …

a. I will attend that internasional conference

b. I attend that international conference

c. I would attend that international conference.

d. I would have attend that international conference.

24. If I had read the mathematics material, I would have understood this formula well. What is the fact of the previous sentence?

a. I am not studying the mathematics material. Therefore, I haven't understood about the material.

b. I don't read the mathematics material. Therefore, I don't understand this formula well.

c. I did'nt read the mathematics material. Therefore, I didn't understand this formula well.

d. I didn't read the mathematics material. Therefore, I don't understand this formula well.

25. If it had not been raining, I would have visited my grandmother's home. What os the fact of the previous conditional sentence?

a. it was raining, so I did't go to my grandmother's home.

b. it is raining, so I don't go to my grandmother's home.

c. it has been raining, so I have not gone to my grandmother's home.

d. it rains, so I don't go to my grandmother's home.

Source :

http://www.sekolahbahasainggris.com/contoh-soal-latihan-materi-tentang-conditional-sentence/

http://www.kuliahbahasainggris.com/contoh-latihan-soal-conditional-sentence-dan-kunci-jawabannya/

http://www.kuliahbahasainggris.com/contoh-soal-materi-conditional-sentence-beserta-pembahasannya/

Fruits and vegetables which cleans toxins from the body

Basically, the body needs fresh nutritious food, vitamins and minerals to get all the needed. Although on the type of fruit and sayir have major benefits for removing toxins from our body. so There is no harm if you include these foods in your daily diet.

Here are some good food in a clean toxins in your body.
1. Papaya
Contains vitamins A, C and E. In addition, papaya also contain fiber that can help lower cholesterol levels moderate. Others, papaya contains enzymes such as papain and chymopapain are anti-inflammatory. Rich in lycopene, which can reduce a man's risk of prostate cancer.

2. Pineapple
Having a lot of vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, potassium, fiber, vitamin C and manganese, a mineral that is needed to maintain healthy bones and collagen. Bromelain in pineapple helps to suppress coughs and loosen mucus, digestive organs, reduce gas, bloating, nausea, constipation and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

3. Watercress
Contain iron which in turn can reduce the risk of anemia. Watercress also contains vitamin C, which helps to absorb iron. In addition, watercress also contains lutein and zeaxanthin, two powerful antioxidants that can reduce the risk of cataracts.

4. Apples
A study found that apples protect brain cells from the kind of free radical damage that can lead to cognitive decline. in addition, the pectin in apples reduces the risk of colon cancer and keep your digestive tract.

5. Broccoli
Contains two compounds called lutein and zeaxanthin that help to maintain healthy eyes and reject the age-related damage. Broccoli has a higher vitamin C than oranges and is also very high in vitamin A and K is needed for blood clotting.

6. Tomato
Contains vitamins A and C and the red color of lycopene, a powerful antioxidant against diseases that are considered to have anticancer properties.

7. Blueberries
Contains many antioxidants that can improve the health of the eye. The fruit is high compound called Anthocyanosides the slow weakening of vision-related function more age. (Quoted from: Timesofindia). That there are seven kinds of fruit that can detoxify all the toxins in your body. Indeed a fruit or vegetable that contains high levels of vitamin C, fiber or antioxidants are good for health.

Reference: http://zona-1000.blogspot.com/

Beauty and The Beast (Simple Past and Present Perfect)

Beauty and The Beast

Once upon a time as a merchant set off for market, he asked each of his three daughters what she would like as a present on his return. The first daughter wanted a brocade dress, the second a pearl necklace, but the third, whose name was Beauty, the youngest, prettiest and sweetest of them all, said to her father

"All I'd like is a rose you've picked specially for me!"

When the merchant had finished his business, he set off for home. However, a sudden storm blew up, and his horse could hardly make headway in the howling gale. Cold and weary, the merchant had lost all hope of reaching an inn when he suddenly noticed a bright light shining in the middle of a wood. As he drew near, he saw that it was a castle, bathed in light.

"I hope I'll find shelter there for the night," he said to himself.

When he reached the door, he saw it was open, but though he shouted, nobody came to greet him. Plucking up courage, he went inside, still calling out to attract attention. On a table in the main hall, a splendid dinner lay already served. The merchant lingered, still shouting for the owner of the castle. But no one came, and so the starving merchant sat down to a hearty meal.
Overcome by curiosity, he ventured upstairs, where the corridor led into magnificent rooms and halls. A fire crackled in the first room and a soft bed looked very inviting. It was now late, and the merchant could not resist. He lay down on the bed and fell fast asleep.

When he woke next morning, an unknown hand had placed a mug of steaming coffee and some fruit by his bedside. The merchant had breakfast and after tidying himself up, went downstairs to thank his generous host. But, as on the evening before, there was nobody in sight. Shaking his head in wonder at the strangeness of it all, he went towards the garden where he had left his horse, tethered to a tree.

Suddenly, a large rose bush caught his eye. Remembering his promise to Beauty, he bent down to pick a rose. Instantly, out of the rose garden, sprang a horrible beast, wearing splendid clothes. Two bloodshot eyes, gleaming angrily, glared at him and a deep, terrifying voice growled:

"Ungrateful man! I gave you shelter, you ate at my table and slept in my own bed, but now all the thanks I get is the theft of my favorite flowers! I shall put you to death for this slight!" 

Trembling with fear, the merchant fell on his knees before the Beast. "Forgive me! Forgive me! Don't kill me! I'll do anything you say! The rose wasn't for me, it was for my daughter Beauty. I promised to bring her back a rose from my journey!"

The Beast dropped the paw it had clamped on the unhappy merchant.

"I shall spare your life, but on one condition, that you bring me your daughter!" The terror-stricken merchant, faced with certain death if he did not obey, promised that he would do so. When he reached home in tears, his three daughters ran to greet him. After he had told them of his dreadful adventure, Beauty put his mind at rest immediately.

"Dear father, I'd do anything for you! Don't worry, you'll be able to keep your promise and save your life! Take me to the castle. I'll stay there in your place!" The merchant hugged his daughter.

"I never did doubt your love for me. For the moment I can only thank you for saving my life." So Beauty was led to the castle. The Beast, however, had quite an unexpected greeting for the girl. Instead of menacing doom as it had done with her father, it was surprisingly pleasant.

In the beginning, Beauty was frightened of the Beast, and shuddered at the sight of it. Then she found that, in spite of the monster's awful head, her horror of it was gradually fading as time went by.

She had one of the finest rooms in the Castle, and sat for hours, embroidering in front of the fire. And the Beast would sit, for hours on end, only a short distance away, silently gazing at her. Then it started to say a few kind words, till in the end, Beauty was amazed to discover that she was actually enjoying its conversation. The days passed, and Beauty and the Beast became good friends.

Then one day, the Beast asked the girl to be his wife.Taken by surprise, Beauty did not know what to say. Marry such an ugly monster? She would rather die! But she did not want to hurt the feelings of one who, after all, had been kind to her. And she remembered too that she owed it her own life as well as her father's.

"I really can't say yes," she began shakily. "I'd so much like to..." The Beast interrupted her with an abrupt gesture.

"I quite understand! And I'm not offended by your refusal!" Life went on as usual, and nothing further was said.

One day, the Beast presented Beauty with a magnificent magic mirror. When Beauty peeped into it, she could see her family, far away.

"You won't feel so lonely now," were the words that accompanied the gift. Beauty stared for hours at her distant family. Then she began to feel worried. One day, the Beast found her weeping beside the magic mirror.

"What's wrong?" he asked, kindly as always.

"My father is gravely ill and close to dying! Oh, how I wish I could see him again, before it's too late!" But the Beast only shook its head. "No! You will never leave this castle!" And off it stalked in a rage.

However, a little later, it returned and spoke solemnly to the girl.

"If you swear that you will return here in seven days time, I'll let you go and visit your father!" Beauty threw herself at the Beast's feet in delight. "I swear! I swear I will! How kind you are! You've made a loving daughter so happy!" In reality, the merchant had fallen ill from a broken heart at knowing his daughter was being kept prisoner. When he embraced her again, he was soon on the road to recovery.

Beauty stayed beside him for hours on end, describing her life at the Castle, and explaining that the Beast was really good and kind. The days flashed past, and at last the merchant was able to leave his bed. He was completely well again. Beauty was happy at last. However, she had failed to notice that seven days had gone by. Then one night she woke from a terrible nightmare. She had dreamt that the Beast was dying and calling for her, twisting in agony.

"Come back! Come back to me!" it was pleading. The solemn promise she had made drove her to leave home immediately."Hurry! Hurry, good horse!" she said, whipping her steed onwards towards the castle, afraid that she might arrive too late. She rushed up the stairs, calling, but there was no reply. Her heart in her mouth, Beauty ran into the garden and there crouched the Beast, its eyes shut, as though dead. Beauty threw herself at it and hugged it tightly.

"Don't die! Don't die! I'll marry you . . ." At these words, a miracle took place. The Beast's ugly snout turned magically into the face of a handsome young man. "How I've been longing for this moment!" he said. "I was suffering in silence, and couldn't tell my frightful secret. An evil witch turned me into a monster and only the love of a maiden willing to accept me as I was, could transform me back into my real self. My dearest! I'll be so happy if you'll marry me."The wedding took place shortly after and, from that day on, the young Prince would have nothing but roses in his gardens. And that's why, to this day, the castle is known as the Castle of the Rose.

Sumber ENGLISHINDO.COM Referensi Belajar Bahasa Inggris Online: http://www.englishindo.com/2011/11/dongeng-bahasa-inggris-beauty-and-beast.html#ixzz478ttrPOq

Subject Verb Agreement

Subject Verb Agreement

Basic rule : a singular subject (she, Bill, car) take a singular verb (is, goes, shines), where as a plural subject takes a plural verb.

Example : The book of history is / are on the desk.

If you know that ‘book’ is the subject, then you will choose is for the verb.

Question for subject agreement :

• Multiple choice

1. A bouquet of red roses … color and fragrance to the room.

1. Lend
2. Lends
3. Give
4. Gift

2. … Juan … Silvia is available.

1. Or, or
2. Or, either
3. Neither, nor
4. Neither, or

3. Everyone … done his / her homework.

1. Had
2. Have
3. Has
4. Were

4. None of you … responsibility for this incident.

1. Claims
2. Claim
3. Do
4. doing

5. Which shirt do you want for Christmast? Neither … fine for me.

1. Are
2. We
3. Us
4. Is

6. My glasses … on the desk.

1. Were
2. Was
3. Has
4. Had

7. Our thanks … to the workers who supported the union.

1. For
2. Gone
3. Have
4. Go

8. The average worker’s earning … gone up dramatically.

1. Have
2. Has
3. Must
4. To

9. Two-fifth of the troops … lost in the battle.

1. Was
2. Were
3. Are
4. Is

10. Forty percent of the student body … on favor of changing the policy.

1. Was
2. Were
3. Is
4. Are

• Error Analysis

1. It isn’t the faculty member but the president who decide this issue. (the correct word is decided)
2. It was the speaker, not his ides, that have provoke the student to riot. (the correct words are has provoked, because we can find ‘was’ at the begin of sentence)
3. She requested that he raises his band. (the correct word is raise, because a request being expressed)
4. Somebody was leave her purse. (the correct words are has left)
5. Each of students are responsible for doing his / her work in the library. (the correct word is ‘is’, don’t let the word ‘students’ confuse you because the subject is ‘each’ and that word always singular)
6. Neither my brother nor my father are going to sell the house. (the correct word is ‘is’, because a sentence like that sounds peculiar, it is probably a good idea to put the plural subject closer to the verb)
7. There are two reasons [plural subject] for this. (with these construction (called expletive construction0, the subject follows the verb but still determines the number of the verb)
8. My glasses was on the bed. (the correct word is were)
9. A paid of plaid trousers are in the closet. The correct word is ‘is’, because only one trousers0
10. The news from the back are bad. (the correct word is ‘is’)
11. My assets was wiped out in the depression. (the correct word is were)
12. A large percentage of the older population are voting against her. (the correct word is ‘is’, because the subject verb is ‘a percentage of’ not population)
13. The department members but not the chair has decided not to teach on Christmas. (the correct words are have decided)
14. I wish it were Friday. (the statement not a fact, is being expressed)
15. A third of the population were not in favor. (the correct word is was)

source : 

http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/subjectVerbAgree.asp

https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR.htm

http://www.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/sv_agr.htm 

Sumber Daya Manusia

Berdasarkan data dan proses yang telah dijabarkan diatas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa sumber daya manusia yang baik dapat dibantu oleh pemerintah dengan pemberian pendidikan formal dan informal yang tepat. Selain itu pula, perusahaan tempat sumber daya manusia bernaung dapat memberikan hasil yang sesuai dengan harapan para karyawan dan tenaga kerja serta mengikuti aturan – aturan yang berlaku saat ini. Sehingga tingkat kemiskinan dan pengangguran yang menjadi dampak kecil dari kesalahan pengelolaan sumber daya manusia dapat dikurangi dan nantinya dapat menjadi salah satu faktor pembantu kemajuan Negara.

Pengelolaan yang baik dari sistem pendidikan yang terakreditasi dapat menghasilkan sumber daya manusia yang diharapkan dapat membantu penanganan pengangguran dan kemiskinan yang melanda. Adapun bantuan tambahan dari perusahaan - perusahaan yang menjad tempat akhir tujuan karyawan atau tenaga kerja adalah dengan memberikan jaminan kesehatan, bonus dan insentif. Jaminan yang dapat diberikan berupa jaminan kesehatan dan jaminan hari tua (pensiun). Namun bukan berarti karyawan atau tenaga kerja melupakan kewajiban mereka untuk memajukan perusahaan, dan hanya meminta atau mendahulukan kepentingan sendiri.

Normaslisasi Data

NIP	NAMA PEGAWAI	KODE BAGIAN	BAGIAN	KODE PROYEK	NAMA PROYEK
0001	ADI	01	EDP	P001	XXX
0002	BIMA	02	HRD	P002	YYY
0001	ADI	01	EDP	P002	YYY
0002	BIMA	02	HRD	P003	ZZZ
0003	CANDRA	03	PRODUKSI	P003	ZZZ

1.      Apakah sudah memenuhi bentuk normal pertama?

2.      Bagaimanakah bentuk normalisasi table tersebut?

Jawaban :

1.      Belum, karena masih terdapat kerangkapan data dalam table teresbut

2.      Pegawai

NIP	Nama Pegawai
0001	Adi
0002	Bima
0003	Candra

Proyek

Kode Proyek	Nama Proyek
P001	XXX
P002	YYY
P003	ZZZ

Bagian

NIP	Kode Bagian	Bagian
0001	01	EDP
0002	02	HRD
0003	03	Produksi

Fakta Merupakan Unsur Dasar dari Penalaran Ilmiah

Pengertian

1.      Fakta

Fakta (bahasa Latin: factus) ialah segala sesuatu yang tertangkap oleh indra manusia atau data keadaan nyata yang terbukti dan telah menjadi suatu kenyataan. Sedangkan menurut KKBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, mengartikan Fakta sebagai hal (keadaan atau peristiwa) yang merupakan kenyataan, sesuatu yang benar – benar ada atau terjadi.

Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa fakta adalah sesuatu hal yang benar – benar terjadi dan nyata yang dibantu dengan adanya bukti konkrit.

2.      Penalaran

Berdasarkan KBBI kata ini memiliki kata dasar yaitu nalar, dimana artinya pertimbangan tentang baik buruk dsb; akal budi: setiap keputusan harus didasarkan -- yg sehat. Aktivitas yang memungkinkan seseorang berpikir logis; jangkauan pikir; kekuatan pikir. Sedangkan penalaran merupakan proses berpikir yang bertolak dari pengamatan indera(pengamatan empirik) yang menghasilkan sejumlah konsep dan pengertian.

3.      Ilmiah

Menurut KBBI, Ilmiah adalah bersifat ilmu; secara ilmu pengetahuan; memenuhi syarat (kaidah) ilmu pengetahuan. Namun manjadi kata populer bersifat ilmu, tetapi menggunakan bahasa umum sehingga mudah dipahami oleh masyarakat awam (tentang artikel, gaya penulisan karya ilmiah).

Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa enalaran adalah proses pemikiran untuk memperoleh kesimpulan yang logis berdasarkan fakta yang relevan. Dengan kata lain, penalaran adalah proses penafsiran fakta sebagai dasaruntukmenarikkesimpulan.

Prinsip dan unsure penalaran

Penulisan ilmiah mengemukakan dan membahas fakta secara logis dan sistematis dengan bahasa yang baik dan benar. Ini berarti bahwa untuk menulis penulisan ilmiah diperlukan kemampuan menalar secara ilmiah.

Melalui proses penalaran, kita dapat samapai pada kesimpulan yang berupa asumsi, hipotesis atau teori. Penalaran disini adalah proses pemikiran untuk memperoleh kesimpulan yang logis berdasarkan fakta yang relevan.

Dengan kata lain, penalaran adalah proses penafsiran fakta sebagai dasar untuk menarik kesimpulan.

 Jenis Penalaran

Menurut prosesnya penalaran dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu :

a.      Penalaran induktif

Secara formal dapat dikatakan bahwa induksi adalah proses penalran untuk sampai pada suatu keputusan, prinsip, atau sikap yang bersifat umum dan khusus, beradasarkan pengamatan atas hal-hal yang khusus.

Proses induksidapatdibedakan:

1.                   Generalisasi, ialah proses penalaran berdasarkan pengamatan atas jumlah gejala dengan sifat-sifat tertentu untuk menarik kesimpulan mengenai semua atau sebagian dari gejalas erupa.

2.                   Analogi, adalah suatu proses penalaran untuk menarik kesimpulan tentang kebenaran suatu gejala khusus berdasarkan kebenaran gejala khusus lain yang memiliki sifat-sifat esensial yang bersamaan.

3.                   Hubungan sebab akibat, Penalaran dari sebab ke akibat mulai dari pengamatan terhadap suatu sebab yang diketahui. Berdasarkan itu, kita menarik kesimpulan mengenai akibat yang mungkin ditimbulkan.

b.       Penalaran deduktif

Penalaran deduktif didasarkan atas prinsip, hukum, atau teori yang berlaku umum tentang suatu hal atau gejala. Berdasarkan prinsip umum itu, ditarik kesimpulan tentang sesuatu yang khusus, yang merupakan bagiuan dari hal atau gejala itu. jadi, penalaran deduktif bergerak dari halatau  gejala yang umum menuju pada gejala yang khusus.

Pengertian Penulisan Ilmiah

Penulisan ilmiah adalah penulisan hasil berpikir ilmiah yang di dalamnya mencerminkan ciri ilmu pengetahuan.

Ciri Penulisan Ilmiah

a.                  Isi mencerminkan hakikat ilmu pengetahuan/objek ilmu tertentu

b.                   Mengandung teori/semacam kerangka berpikir

c.                   Ada metodenya(cara mencari dan menemukan kebenaran)

d.                  Mengandungp enalaran.

Keterkaitan Penalaran dalam Proses Penulisan Ilmiah

Suatu karangan sesederhana apapun akan mencerminkan kualitas penalaran seseorang. Penalaran itu akan tampak dalam pola pikir penyusuan karangan itu sendiri. Penalaran dalam suatu karangan ilmiah mencakup 5 aspek/matra. Kelima aspek tersebut adalah:

a.      Aspek keterkaitan

Aspek keterkaitan adalah hubungan antarbagian yang satu dengan yang lain dalam suatu karangan. Artinya, bagian-bagian dalam karangan ilmiah harus berkaitan satu sama lain. Pada pendahuluan misalnya, antara latar belakang masalah – rumusan masalah – tujuan – dan manfaat harus berkaitan. Rumusan masalah juga harus berkaitan dengan bagian landasan teori, harus berkaitan dengan pembahasan, dan harus berkaitan juga dengan kesimpulan.

b.       Aspek urutan

Aspek urutan adalah pola urutan tentang suatru yang harus didahulukan/ditampilkan kemudian (dari hal yang paling mendasar ke hal yang bersifat pengembangan). Suatu karangan ilmiah harus mengikuti urutan pola pikir tertentu.Pada bagian Pendahuluan, dipaparkan dasar-dasar berpikir secara umum. Landasan teori merupakan paparan kerangka analisis yang akan dipakai untuk membahas. Baru setelah itu persoalan dibahas secara detail dan lengkap. Di akhir pembahasan disajikan kesimpulan atas pembahasan sekaligu sebagai penutup karangan ilmiah

c.       Aspek argumentasi

Yaitu bagaimana hubungan bagian yang menyatakan fakta, analisis terhadap fakta, pembuktian suatu pernyataan, dan kesimpulan dari hal yang telah dibuktikan. Hampir sebagian besar isi karangan ilmiah menyajikan argumen-argumen mengapa masalah tersebut perlu dibahas (pendahuluan), pendapat-pendapat/ temuan-temuan dalam analisis harus memuat argumen-argumen yang lengkap dan mendalam.

d.      Aspek teknik penyusunan

Yaitu bagaimana pola penyusunan yang dipakai, apakah digunakan secara konsisten. Karangan ilmiah harusdisusun dengan polapenyusunan tertentu,dan teknik ini bersifat baku dan universal. Untuk itu pemahaman terhadap teknik penyusunan karangan ilmiah merupakan syarat multak yang harus dipenuhi jika orang akan menyusun karangan ilmiah.

e.       Aspek bahasa

Yaitu bagaimana penggunaan bahasa dalam karangan tersebut? baik dan benar? Baku? Karangan ilmiah disusun dengan bahasa yang baik, benar dan ilmiah. Penggunaan bahasa yang tidak tepat justru akan mengurangi kadar keilmiahan suatu karya sastra lebih-lebih untuk karangan ilmiah akademis.

Beberapa ciri bahasa ilmiah: kalimat pasif, sebisa mungkin menghindari kata ganti diri (saya, kami, kita), susunan kalimat efektif/hindari kalimat-kalimat dengan klausa-klausa yang panjang.

 Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa fakta memang menjadi unsure dasar dalam penalaran ilmiah. Karena hasil dari penalaran ilmiah ini dapat dijadikan sebagai penulisan ilmiah. Dimana baik penalaran ilmiah maupun penulisan ilmiah membutuhkan fakta yang memiliki bukti untuk dilakukan riset dan pengembangan.

Sumber :

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalaran

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakta

http://kbbi.web.id

Univ. Esa Unggul/Jumanta/MKU 113